Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply and Demand - Essay Example Rent control, the worst planning by governments lacking courage and vision, has been spearheaded by upstate lawmakers such as Assemblyman The consequences of price control on apartments are that entrepreneurs who see inadequate return on their investment are not motivated to invest in rental housing; landlords whose rent do not cover cost of operations stop maintain units or abandon them; despite rent controls, New York City renters pay the higher average rents in the country; demand for excessive space remains high because rents are artificially low; and rent control does not provide affordable housing for low to moderate income tenants. Rent control, like all other government-mandated price controls, is a law placing a maximum price, or a "rent ceiling," on what landlords may charge tenants. To have any effect, the rent level must be set at a rate below that which would otherwise have prevailed. And if rents are established at less than their equilibrium levels, demand will necessarily exceed supply, and rent control will lead to a shortage of dwelling spaces. In the absence of controls on prices, the amount of a commodity or service demanded is larger than the amount supplied, prices rise to eliminate the shortage (by both bringing forth new supply and by reducing the amount demanded). But controls prevent rents from attaining market-clearing levels and shortages result. Existi

The Personal Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Personal Food - Essay Example My favourite pizza should be hot and soft with a combination of different flavours. I am very impulsive when it comes to buying pizza and I am unable to control to restrain myself even if I have eaten at home (Turim). This is because the moments that I ate pizza during my childhood days defined special relationships that have persisted until the modern day. This paper will discuss my special relationship with pizza, highlighting its symbolic meaning in my life. As highlighted above, pizza is not just any other food to me. The first time I ate pizza was during a family outing when my mother ordered a large pizza for the entire family. During a time when pizza was only a delicacy to the upper class, it was a special moment for me to share a piece of pizza with my family. Notably, we were still a struggling middle class family then, and the financial turmoil did not make pizza an everyday meal. Therefore, as a child, I had the ecstasy of eating my first pizza. It was an exciting feeling to share that large pizza with my entire family as a symbol of unity (Aronovich 48). In the years that followed, during my elementary school days, I was invited to many birthday parties where pizza was served. This led to a symbolic relationship of pizza with long lasting friendships that I formed during my childhood days. During the celebration mood of birthdays, I bonded with my childhood friends. Until today, we still share a pizza when we meet in memory of the good old days. This is one reason why I have developed a unique attachment to the pizza (Aronovich 49). During my high school days, teachers adopted a rewarding system in an effort to motivate students who performed well. The top three students in every class had a rare opportunity of sharing a pizza during the lunch hours. I remember working hard each term so that I could emerge in the top three categories in anticipation for the

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Case Study - Essay Example Her mother seemed particularly agitated and anxious because Cherry had â€Å"passed out† during her last episode of vomiting. She complained of severe abdominal pain and feeling hot. She seemed drowsy and lethargic as she was taken into the Emergency department. The nurse on duty made an initial assessment of Cherry in order that she could take better care of her. She found that Cherry had an acetone smell to her breath and inquired if she had taken any drugs or alcohol the previous day, but Cherry denied taking any such thing. She also found that Cherry complained of having pain in all quadrants of her abdomen. Taking into consideration the blood results and reviewing the client history, the physician as well as the nurse concluded that Cherry Honeywell had â€Å"Diabetic ketoacidosis†. Cherry’s mother was visibly shocked and could not believe that her daughter was a diabetic. The reason for concluding that Cherry had a condition called â€Å"Diabetic Ketoacidosis† was because the nurse found the urine containing â€Å"ketones†. The nurse was very vigilant in informing the doctor of Cherry’s condition because such a condition if left untreated immediately could lead to coma and death. It is still a mystery as to the actual cause of diabetes, but the Medical Fraternity believe that environmental factors and genetics like obesity and lack of exercise play major roles. In fact most people are not even aware that they have diabetes. In this test a person’s blood glucose level is checked after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose rich beverage. If the blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl then the person has pre-diabetes. If the blood sugar level is above 200 mg/dl then the person is suffering from diabetes. To prepare the patient for an IV Cannula, the nurse rubs Emla cream on Cherry’s hands. The IV Therapy commenced by giving her 1000ml of Normal Saline at 0345 hours

Serial Killer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Serial Killer - Research Paper Example His brutality can be analyzed from the fact that he labeled the spraying of cyanide on to his prey as the best killing option that he liked. Richard Kuklinski was a criminal who did not feel guilty about his acts. His dark childhood laid an impact on his future killings (Holmes et al 2009; Martin 2006). Richard Kuklinski was born to Anna and Stanley Kuklinski. They belonged to a low income household. His father was an alcoholic and his mother was a Catholic and a strong follower of her religion. He received many beatings at the hands of his father and his mother. The cruelty with which his father used to beat the children can be analyzed from the fact that his beatings resulted in the death of one of Richard’s siblings. Thus, Richard was brought up in a very disturbed household. His childhood was not only darkened by the trauma that he had to suffer at his house, but Richard was also the victim of the bullies of his neighborhood (Shaw 2008). The instillation of violence in his character began at an early age. He used to make the cats of his neighborhood as the victim of his violence. He committed his first murder at the bare age of 14. He killed a boy named Johnny who was bullying him by using a cue stick as his weapon. His first killing raised his spirits and he continued this act of killing anyone who displeased him. He got married to a woman named Barbara at the age of 26 years. He then adapted the criminal path for his livelihood. He first sold pornographic material and later he became a hit man for the Gambino family. He fell in the hands of the police authorities in the year 1986 during a major crackdown operation (Holmes et al 2009; Martin 2006). The differential association theory of crime truly depicts the character of Richard Kuklinski. The differential association theory puts forward the fact that a person is directed towards committing of crime from what he learns and sees. This can be understood as Richard was instilled with

Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chinese History - Essay Example According to the text, the top trigram is referred to as Tui, the Joyous and denotes gladness. The lower trigram in my throw denotes Chen, also referred to as the Arousing and has the attribute of movement (pantherwebworks.com, 2). When the two trigrams are joined together, they yield gladness in movement (following). According to the text, following is endowed with the utmost victory, perseverance promotes, and no blame. The opposite hexagram (Chieh) warns that one must not persevere in the face of vexing limitation. I wanted to know if this year will offer more good than bad, hence I believe that the divination holds that if I seek to serve on the side of good, then goodness will follow me however the reverse also holds true. The divination also holds that I should strive to overcome all limitations that may prevent me from achieving my following in order to succeed. While I truly did enjoy this exercise, I believe divination is largely idealistic. The exercise did allow me to think more about my question and I believe that the answers that it provided were very helpful. I however would not depend on divinity to solve my large questions/decisions. As to the value, I truly believe that the practice offers temporary peace that can enable one to view their problems in a different

Review on Wood, Goffman, and Gergen's reading Essay

Review on Wood, Goffman, and Gergen's reading - Essay Example If one identifies his/herself with a tribe, the behavior or actions will reflect who or what an individual is (Fine & Manning 13). Information about the identity of someone helps one to define the situation, it also enables people to know what to expect of them in advance, and what an individual expects of others in advance. Identity enables people to know how best to act in order to get the best response from them. In order to know an individual well, an identity enables individual to see what the individual says about himself is true. It provides evidence of whoever the provider claims to be (Fine & Manning 18). To a communication scholar, identity enables the scholar resonates on why individuals judge themselves after their actions. One judges himself according to what others perceive him or her to be. One’s identity gets acquired through communicating with other people. Since we became not born with the understanding of whoever we are, we develop this understanding by communicating with other people. Goffman believes that individuals act purposive in order to bring out their desired state. This they achieve by continually changing their actions in order to make their current opinion relate to their desired perceptual state. Goffman believe that what man does gets guided with respect to the perceived culmination of the activity. According to Goffman, embarrassment does not come from poor performance, but rather from the answers of others as perceived by one’s self (Fine & Manning 28). He suggests that individuals have an obligation to maintain their own and others claims to relevant identities. Embarrassment emerges if individual, expressive facts become threatened by his assumptions about his own identity. Goffman suggests that human beings are performers who knowingly give and unwittingly give off different impressions. He claims that almost everyone is skilled in the arts of

Tort law assignment Essay Example for Free

Tort law assignment Essay Advise John as to claims that he may have against Brian in tort. For John to make a claim against Brian in tort the following three elements must be proved: whether Brian owes a duty of care to John, if that duty was breached and if the breach caused the damage. Liability for negligent misstatements causing pure economic loss have the usual requirements of duty, breach and damages but special treatment is necessary as people are less careful in what they say than in what they do on social and informal occasions. Lord Pierce in Hedley Byrne stated: â€Å"word are more volatile than deeds, they travel faster and are used without being expended† To establish the difference between ‘pure economic loss’ and economic loss which is consequent upon physical damage to property. This was defined in Spartan Steel v Martin 1973, where the loss was foreseeable but Lord Denning held a line must be drawn, and that the loss was better borne by the insures than by the defendants alone. The Misrepresentation Act 1967 states where there is a fiduciary relationship (a person to whom property or power is entrusted for the benefit of another) for example between a solicitor and a client liability arises here in contract and tort. There is no need to prove a duty of care exists. Brian who is a part qualified accountant advised John about the shares, but there was no contract involved so he wouldn’t be liable under contract and tort. Brian advised John to buy shares from Brighwater Ltd. so it was something Brian said to John and not did. Therefore, the area of deceit must be looked at. Deceit occurs when a person knowing or recklessly makes a false representation to the claimant. The leading case Derry v Peek 1888 outlined that no duty would be required in relationship to negligent misrepresentations. Therefore this case can’t be applied to Brian and John’s scenarios as action was only available for fraudulent misrepresentations. This was then overruled in Hedley Byrne v Heller 1964 where the possibility of claims for negligent misstatement was opened up. That a duty of care would arise in appropriate circumstances to give careful advice and that failure to do so would result in liability for economic loss. The House of Lords laid down strict guidelines for when this could apply: If there was a special relationship between the two partes, based on the defendants skill and judgement and the reliance placed upon it. The defendant (advisor) must posses a special skill relating to the type of advice given and must have realise that the claimant (advisee) would rely on that skill. The claimant receiving the advice must have acted in reliance on it as longs as it was reasonable to rely on the advice. To establish whether there was a special relationship between Brian and John the meaning of a special relationship must be looked at. In Chaudry V Prabhaker 1988 it showed that a purely social relationship can give rise to a duty of care, when carefully considered advice was being sought from a party with some expertise. Brian share a social relationship with John as they are friends, but this gave rise to Brian’s duty of care. As carefully considered advice was being sought from John who knew Brian would have some expertise about shares as a he was a part qualified accountant. It was in Yianni v Edwin Evans 1982 which established the existence of a special and that even if there is no contractual relationship between a building society surveyor and the house purchaser that a special relationship could exist. Brian and John did not sign a contract but a special relationship can still be established. Therefore under Hedley Byrne the first guidline has been established to prove there is a duty of care as there is a special relationship between Brian and John, It must be proved that Brian the advisor possessed a special skill relating to the type of advice he gave and must have realise that the John (advisee) would rely on that skill. In Mutual Life and Citizens Assurance v Evatt 1971 it was held that there would only be a duty of care if the party giving advice held himself out as being in the business of giving the advice in question. So, Brian owes John a duty of care as he is a part qualified accountant and he gave out advice about buying Brightwater shares, which is advice relating to the business of accountancy. The second guideline under Hedley Byrne has been established and Brian owes John a duty of care as he possessed a special skill relating to the advice he gave. John must prove that in receiving the advice he acted in reliance on it. As in Smith v Eric S Bush where it was held that if there is foreseeable reliance on advice that has been given that a duty of care is owed. John relied on Brian’s advice and considered it reasonable, as he invested all his shares in the company which shows there was foreseeable reliance. Therefore Brian owes John a duty of care and under Hedley Byrne the last guidline has been proven. However, there has been limitations on these three guidelines as in Caparo V Dickman 1990. The main principle being that the reliance is reasonably foreseeable to the defendant. For a duty of care to exist under Caparo the following must be established: whether the consequences were reasonably foreseeable, if there is a relationship of proximity between the parties, and if it’s fair just and reasonable to impose a duty. For the first part of establishing a duty of care it must be proved that the defendant’s act were reasonably foreseeable. In Kent v Griffiths 2000 it was reasonably foreseeable that the claimant would suffer harm from the failure of the ambulance to arrive. In Bourhill v Young 1943 the motorcyclist did not owe a duty of care as it was not reasonably foreseen that the claimant would be affected by his negligent driving. Brian owes John a duty of care as it is reasonably foreseeable that there is risk involved if Brian advises John to buy shares in Brightwater Ltd. Is there a relationship of proximity between the two parties? This can be through a legal relationship or physical closeness. In Osman v Ferguson 1993 there was a sufficient close relationship between the parties compared to Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 1998 where the relationship between the police and the victim was not sufficiently close. There is a relationship between Brian and John of friends, so there is a sufficiently close relationship between them. Is it fair just and reasonable to impose a duty of care? It was not held fair just and reasonable to impose a duty of care on the police as there was not a relationship of proximity in Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire. In Capital v Hampshire County Council 1997 it was held fair to impose a duty on the fire brigade. So, it would be fair just and reasonable to impose a duty of care on Brian as he is a part qualified accountant who advised John to buy the shares, so he owed John a duty of care to give careful advice. Therefore Brian satisfies all three stages of the Caparo test and it would be held by the courts that he did owe John a duty of care. Guidance on the factors to be taken into account in establishing a duty of care have been provided by the Court of Appeal in James McNaughten v Hicks Anderson 1991: The purpose for which the statement was made The purpose for which it was communicated The relationship between the person giving the advice, the person receiving the advice and any relevant third parties The size of any class that the person receiving the advice belonged to. The degree of knowledge of the person giving the advice. Reliance by the advisee. In taking these factors into account, Brian’s purpose for which he made the statement ‘trust me, buy their shares you will be on a winner’ was so that John would buy the shares. The purpose Brian communicated the advice for was for John to take action and invest in Brightwater Ltd. The relationship between Brian and John is that they are friends and John was relying on Brian to give him guidance about buying shares. To consider Brian’s knowledge at the time he made the statement was that he had professional knowledge of an accountant, because even if he was only part qualified he would be judged against the standard of a fully qualified accountant. John relied on Brian’s advice, as he was his friend and because he thought Brian was giving him reasonable advice, which he took and then invested shares in the company. Under James Macnaughton all 6 factors have been proven and Brian would owe John a duty of care. Now that it has been proved that Brian owes John a duty of care it must be proved that he breached the duty. For a breach of duty to be proved the following must be taken into consideration: the degree of risk, standard of care and proof of breach. The degree of risk must be high as in Hayley v London Electricity Board where there was a known risk. Brian advised John to buy the shares and there was a high risk that John could lose his money as buying shares is a risky business. So it has been proved that there was a high risk John would lose his money. The standard of care was established in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks 1856 which introduced a reasonable man test that if the defendant falls against the standard of care a reasonable man would take there is a breach of duty. Brian fell against the standard of care a reasonable man would take as he advised John to buy the shares to be ‘on a winner’ which Brian could not have been certain about so he breached his duty. Specific rule apply to specific people so considerations will be made for different types of people. Mullin v Richards 1998 showed children can be held for negligence. Nettleship v Weston 1971 showed learners would be judged against the standard of a reasonable competent driver. The standard of care expected was that of a similarly qualified expert as in Bolam v Friern Hospital 1957. Therefore even though Brian was only a part qualified accountant, he still fell below the standard expected of a similarly qualified accountant, as he advise John wrongly about the shares and has breached his duty. Proof of breach ‘res ipsa loquitar’ fact speak for themselves rule. The claimant must show that the defendant was in control of the situation that caused the claimants injury and that it was cause by negligence. John can prove that Brian was the reason he lost all of his investment, because if it wasn’t for Brian advising him to buy the shares he wouldn’t have lost the money. Now that breach of duty has been proven, it must be proven that the damages suffered were caused by the breach of duty. This can be proved using the ‘but for’ rule as in Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington1969 where the claimant wouldn’t have suffered the damages ‘but for’ the defendants breach of duty. ‘John wouldn’t have lost out on his investment ‘but for’ Brian advising him to buy the shares. If the ‘but for’ is proven but the damages are too remote from the defendant breach of duty then there is no liability as in Wagon Mound 1961. However John lost all his investment as the company went into liquidation so the damage is not remote. Overall, it has been proven that Brian owes John a duty of care, that he breached the duty and that the damages suffered were caused by his breach so he would be liable! References: Turner C. and Hodge S. (2007) Unlocking Torts. Oxon: Book point Ltd Hogdson J. and Lewthwaite J. (2004) Tort Law. New York:Oxford Press Harpwood V. (2009) Modern Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish McBride N. and Bagshaw R. (2008) Tort Law. Essex: Pearson Education. Cooke J. (2009) Law of Tort. Essex: Pearson Education.